Routing
Challenges and Requirements
Major challenges
Mobility – path breaks, packet collisions, transient loops.
Bandwidth constraint – channel shared by all nodes in the broadcast region.
Error-prone and shared channel – take into account the larger BERs in wireless ad-hoc.
Location-dependent contention – high when the number of nodes increases.
Major requirements
Minimum route acquisition delay.
Quick route reconfiguration (handle path breaks).
Loop-free routing (avoid waste of resources).
Distributed routing approach (reduce the bandwidth consumed).
Minimum control overhead (bandwidth, collisions).
Scalability (scale with a large network – minimize control overhead).
Provisioning of QoS (provide QoS levels) - support for time-sensitive traffic.
Security and privacy (resilient to threats and vulnerabilities).
Proactive and Reactive Protocols
Which approach achieves a better trade-off depends on the traffic and mobility patterns.
Proactive protocols
Always maintain routes.
Little or no delay for route determination.
Consume bandwidth to keep routes up-to-date.
Maintain routes that may never be used.
Reactive protocols
Lower overhead since routes are determined on demand.
Significant delay in route determination.
Employ flooding (global search).
Control traffic may be bursty.
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